6/12/2023 0 Comments Rapidshare ewp snuff![]() ![]() Salivary cotinine levels, reflecting nicotine exposure, are strongly and positively correlated with TWP use, suggesting a risk of addiction associated with TWP smoking ( Nosratzehi, Arbabi-Kalati, Alijani, & Tajdari, 2015). In addition, users are exposed to toxic substances that are shown to increase the risk of developing clogged arteries and heart disease later in life ( ALA, 2007 Cobb, Sahmarani, Eissenberg, & Shihadeh, 2012 Eissenberg, Ward, Smith-Simone, & Maziak, 2008). Previous literature has shown that during a one-hour TWP smoking session, an individual may inhale as much smoke as consuming 100 cigarettes ( ALA, 2007). TWP smoking has been associated with cancer ( American Lung Association, 2011), oral infections ( ALA, 2011), and respiratory diseases ( Akl et al., 2010). Despite the high rates of TWP use, there are health risks that can negatively impact overall health. In the U.S., approximately 12.2% of young adults and 10% of college students report past-year TWP use ( Schulenberg et al., 2018). Emerging adults aged 18–24 report the highest rates of TWP smoking ( Hu et al., 2016). Nearly 10 million adults in the US currently smoke traditional waterpipe (TWP) and 1.4 million use every day or some days ( Hu et al., 2016). National estimates suggest that more than one in ten adults have used a traditional, combustible waterpipe ( Weaver et al., 2016). Department of Health and Human Services, 2017). Waterpipe smoking remains a national research priority as the prevalence of use continues to increase in the US ( U.
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